Gender Inequality: Causes and Impacts

Gender Inequality: Causes and Impacts Research Paper:  Gender Inequality For many centuries, men have been the dominant gender and women have been the minority. Men were the breadwinners† and women just stayed home and took care of the housework and children. Women barely had any rights. Their husbands could abuse them and get away with it easily. Fortunately, over a period of time, things have slowly changed. However, this is still a very serious and widespread problem. Women are still at the bottom of the chain. What was the cause of this inequality and what will be the consequences if this problem continues to linger? Gender inequality, in my definition, is the unequal and biased treatment between the two sexes. I strongly believe that the unequal treatment of women is something that should have stayed in primitive times. We are in the present now and we are far more advanced than we ever were and yet we are old school in our thinking of how men and women should be treated. I can strongly identify with gender inequality because many of my closest friends have faced it or still face it. Materialist theories define gender inequality as a result of how men and women are tied to the economic structure of society. They believe that womens role as a mother and wife are devalued by society and deny access to highly respected public opportunities. Gender inequality is definitely something that we often take for granted; it is accepted and seems so normal in society. These differences often seem invisible to us even though it happens in our everyday life in everything from employment and education to polit ics and the media without us being aware of it. Before we look at the gender inequalities in paid employment, it is vital to look at unpaid labor and the discriminations that women face. History has shown us that the roles and responsibilities for men and women were already chosen for them. In the United Kingdom, there was a trend of male dominance in employment until World War II where women gained male-orientated jobs for the first time whilst the men fought in the front line. Before this, the males were often the breadwinners and therefore provided for their family. On the other hand, the females were more inclined to be involved in unpaid labor often labeled as housewives who performed chores around the family home and looked after the children. You could apply Leslie Feinberg’s theory to this as back then it was just accepted and seen as the way of life for men and women. It was found in a study in 2006 that on average ‘women spent 180 minutes per day on housework; that’s 78% more time than men who spent only 101 minutes per day.’ This reveals that even in current society women are still accepted to partake in unpaid labor through housework rather than be in employment and this reflects the past in the United Kingdom. A very good example of this are the employment rates in the UK as it was around 79% for men and 70 % for women which has remained unchanged since 1999. (Office of National Statistics, 2008). It has to be said that in recent times, the division between males and females is less evident but inclination towards male dominance in employment is still shown. It was reported that the gender pay gap in the UK is one of the highest in Europe: women who work full-time earned 17% less per hour than men and women working part-time earned 39% less per hour than men working full-time. (Office of National Statistics, 2008) In the United States, the average working woman earns only 77 percent of what the average working man makes. However, women’s place in society and in employment has improved greatly since the Equal Pay Act of 1970. Over the years, there has been an increase of women in the workplace with women working in a larger number of senior positions. This reveals that even though there have been improvements in some areas, men often still have the upper hand in employment. Today, this gender inequality is accepted in society which reveals a strong unfairness against women in employment. Men and women still follow very different career paths. Men are much more likely than women to be employed in skilled trades whereas women are more likely than not to be forced into working lower paid labor jobs such as cleaning. ‘Women tend not to put their whole bodies into engagement in a physical task with the same ease and naturalness as men’ (Young, Iris. M, 207). There is the national organization for tradeswomen called ‘Women and Manual Trades (WAMT) who support training women to wo rk in plumbing, building and electricians for example. As well as this, they address the problem of low female representation in such work. Although there are organisations such as the WAMT who support women working in skilled trades the likeliness of women to partake in such a job is still very low and shows little improvement. This, yet again, reveals the strong dominance of men in employment worldwide. The notion of being a female is considered to have more challenges than male within the mass media. There is an unbalanced and stereotyped representation of women in the media and a lot of the time they are dominated by men in their roles. Gender inequalities traditionally were greatly enforced in media output with women being used in advertisements to sell anything from cars to tobacco. As well as this, women were often portrayed as ‘sex objects’ in the media, especially in the 1980’s when men’s magazines were first distributed. This still happens in rec ent times as women are displayed in the magazines mostly for male entertainment which is a major gender inequality as it uses the objectification of women. As well as this, women often feel insecure and are forced to impress men by copying what they see in the magazines. This happens in most of the media from the magazines and newspapers to advertisements in television they are such powerful forces which influence society to a great extent. Furthermore, women in more contemporary media are still sexualized and the men still look at women in the same way as before. It was discovered in the late 1990’s that ‘44% of music videos contain sexual imagery. Women are far more likely than men to be presented in provocative or revealing clothing and sexually objectified.’ This links to female stereotypes and sexualization which are abused in this present day in media especially with the rapid growth of the internet in recent years often through sexual images of women linke d to the sex industry such as pornography being easily accessible on the internet which often depicts women as mere entertainment for men. The nature of pornography is a prime example of the sexualized representation of women in society. Gender inequality is not an issue that can be resolved within a day or two, and reaching our final goal of equality is not going to be an easy step, all we can do is break it down into many factors and give it time to pay off. First part of our resolution is educational wise, which is basically teaching our young ones counter gender stereotypes from kinder-garden, and holding on to these beliefs all the way till college. This can be done by showing both sexes that there aren’t any male or female biased sports, there isn’t a major that a girl shouldn’t get into because it’s a â€Å"man major†, those stereotypes should be totally eradicated from all new generations. Another part of our resolution is promoting equality in the labor fields; maybe have a long lasting initiative to promote equality in all labor fields. Some people might say that women cannot perform many jobs that men do like construction working, well during WW2, women were the only ones doing these â€Å"men jobs† while all the men were gone to fight in the war. Another possible way to resolve our issue is through celebrities and TV. Nowadays, everyone’s role model is a Hollywood star, a singer, a model, so basically a celebrity. Why don’t we make these celebrities indirectly implant the idea of equality in our human brains, why don’t they show us that males and females are capable of doing the same jobs and quests and that segregation is not needed. Again, I repeat that this won’t be an easy process and it might take a very long time but at the end of the day, gender inequality is a very big issue and it has to be resolved sooner or later. Humanity requires both men and women, and we are equally important and need one another. So why are women viewed as less than equal? These old attitudes are drilled into us from the very beginning. We have to teach our boys the rules of equality and respect, so that as they grow up, gender equality becomes a natural way of life. And we have to teach our girls that they can reach as high as humanly possible. We have a lot of work to do, but we can get there if we work together. Unless women and men both say this is unacceptable, things will not change. With determination, commitment and strong belief, we can achieve our goal.

Gang membership, Drug Selling, and Violence in Neighborhood Context Ess

Smiley is a man who was released back into the society on a parole. He was sent back to live in his neighborhood. Shinichi Suzuki, a famous Japanese violinist who invented Suzuki Method, got the right idea of Smiley’s situation when he said â€Å"Man is a child of his environment†. It means that Smiley is a product of his environment. His neighborhood is a no picnic. The neighborhood is a basically a graveyard of American dreams. Like everyone else in America, Smiley values individualism, achievement, money, and family unity highly. However he is in a hostile society where his rough background is rejected and regarded as a stigma. He does not have education or an escape from his neighborhood where people are under a great strain. The reason for the strain is because American culture sets the bar for gold standards of an ideal lifestyle that in the reality that social structures in some groups cannot follow (Shelden, Brown, Miller, & Fitzler, 2008). According to strain theory, Smiley’s neighbors all want same things but they cannot get them legally so they decide to find illegal loopholes. They go in this state that Robert Merton would call anomie (Shelden, Brown, Miller & Fritzler, 2008). According to him, the state is when â€Å"social structures exert a definite pressure upon certain persons in the society to engage in nonconforming rather than conforming conduct† ( p.78). A gang in Smiley’s neighborhood pressures Smiley into practicing norms that are considered unacceptable legally . Smiley’s gang approves stealing, violence, abuse of drugs, and organized crimes. Smiley had to adapt by conforming to the gang’s values, follow ritualism like wearing certain colors and speaking gang jargon, and view the world as us ( gang) against them.... ..., T. (2009). Gang membership, drug selling, and violence in neighborhood context. Justice Quarterly, 26(4), 645-669. Opsal, T. (2009). Women on parole: Understanding the impact of surveillance. Women & Criminal Justice, 19(4), 306-328. Shelden, R.G., Brown, W.B., Miller, K.S., & Fritzler, R.B. (2008). Crime and criminal justice in american society. Long Grove, Illinosis: Waveland Press, INC. Stickels, J. (2007). The game of probation. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 22(1), 33-43. Wilkinson, D.L. (2007). Local Social Ties and Willingness to Intervene: Textured Views Among Violent Urban Youth of Neighborhood Social Control Dynamics and Situations. Justice Quarterly : JQ, 24(2), 185-220. (Document ID: 1295281001). http://ezproxy.rit.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com.ezproxy.rit.edu/pqdweb?did=1295281001&Fmt=7&clientId=3589&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Positive Behaviour Support Essay

Policies and Procedures of the Work Setting There are many different policies and procedures that schools have to abide by some of these are; Behaviour policy- The behaviour policy goes over topics like how to treat others, how you should act in the premises, how you should talk to others and how you should do something when you have been told to do it etc. The policy also goes over rules and consequence’s if the rules are not followed. It goes over how they use positive behaviour support when a child has done well. It explains responsibilities, the curriculum, the values and how rules are reinforced to the children. Bullying policy- In all schools they now have a 0% tolerance on bullying, the policy goes over many things about the anti-bullying policy. It ensures that everyone should be able to work in a safe, caring and productive environment with no fear of being bullied or feeling like they can’t tell anyone if they are. It helps members of the school attend and sort the incident when it occurs. It explains that all bullying should be reported if spotted, if told about it or if you are the victim, it also explains that anti-social behaviour will not be tolerated and consequences will be giving out where and when appropriate. Attendance policy- The attendance policy follows the pupil registration act 2006. All teachers are responsible for taking all registers in the morning and in the afternoon after lunch. Students should turn up for school everyday unless they are ill or have appointments but the school should be informed if this happens. If a child doesn’t turn up for school or fails to turn up at all authorities are usually brought into see what the situation is and fix it. The deputy head and the secretary are responsible for collecting up all the registers and looking them over to see for any cause for concern following it up with the head of school. Child Protection policy- The CPP is put in place to safe guard the students. It explains that students are encouraged to talk and be listened to, that they have someone to approach with any problems, gives advice about how to stay safe and people they can talk to if they do not. All staff are provided with a copy of the CPP at the beginning of the academic. All teachers have a duty of care to the children involved so they can be safe and protected from harm while in school. All children have a right to be protected from something that can cause harm. All staff and volunteers should be able to make  informed and confident decisions and responses to specific child protection issues. All these policies support positive behaviour in many different ways. The behaviour policy supports positive behaviour by it explaining to teachers how to deal with a child when they are acting antisocially in the setting. It also explains to them how to use positive behaviour support when a child or chil dren has done well. The bullying policy supports positive behaviour in children by setting rules and boundaries ensuring that children can work in a safe and caring environment. It helps teachers explain to children what is accepted as bullying and why they shouldn’t hurt other children etc. in a fun way so children understand that they shouldn’t intentionally hurt someone. The attendance policy helps teachers see who is a cause for concern and who isn’t. If a child is absent they are not learning anything and not being helped to do things they would do in school. So it helps the teacher try and get children back into school to keep them positive about it. Child protection policy helps positive behaviour as all children are encouraged to speak and be listened to when there is or isn’t a problem so they know they will be heard which keeps them positive when there’s something wrong as they know they can tell someone when something is wrong. If they have someone in a scho ol they can trust they are more likely to tell them about what is going on which helps them know they have a voice and will be listened to. The Importance of Consistent Rules and Boundaries It is very important that we apply rules and boundaries to children when working in a setting. Rules and boundaries are set so all children can be treated the same not one rule for one and one rule for another, all children know where they stand with teachers and so all children can understand what is considered appropriate behaviour. Rules and boundaries need to be consistent and regularly reinforced by an adult. If messages are not clear to them or if they are conflicting and contradictive they are going to get confused and maybe frustrated and will then find it hard to behave. If children are met with the same response every time they do something wrong they will be less likely to repeat at a later day. All rules and boundaries should be suitable for their age and stage of development and all language used should be clear and make sense not to confuse the children. You must make all your expectations clear so they know how to act and behave. The  Benefits of Encouraging and Rewarding Good Behaviour There are many benefits of encouraging and rewarding good behaviour to the child you are working with, other children in the setting and carers; The Child- Encouraging and rewarding good behaviour for a child has many benefits, they learn that when they have done or are doing well at something they will get something good out of it and if they are doing the wrong they will learn that they will get ignored or depending on the severity of it they will get consequences. It helps them succeed in their work etc. a lot better and makes them happier to do work. It sets a positive out look on stuff they wouldn’t usually like doing and gives them more enthusiasm to go further on with their work. It also makes them more able and gives them a better outlook on school life. Other Children- If other children see you giving a child encouraging and rewarding good behaviour they are also more likely to follow on with it. If they realise their behaviour isn’t be rewarded by someone else’s is they are going to try and do the same to get positive support. It will make them more motivated to do their work and behave as they are then getting something out of it. It will help them be more into their work and their progress will get better. Carer- Carers meaning teachers and others working in the setting would also benefit from children being positively supported as they would be able to work better with the child as they might not be as stubborn and it might make them more a willing to do something they wouldn’t usually do. Their behaviour would be better which would make them better to teach as they would listen and become more into the lesson. The work the children produce would be better as they are listening more and there are less class disruptions so there’s no starting and stopping. The teacher would have a lot more time to help other children that need it and be able to fit more into a day.

Mexacan Immigration before the 1960s - 1675 Words

Mexican Immigration before the 1960s Introduction Mexican immigration has impacted many important components here in the United States of America (U.S.) and in its major institutions of society. In the following paper I will be focusing on the nature of social policies (or the lack thereof) that Americans had developed with respect to Mexican immigration by 1960. Specifically this paper will be detailing six different areas: the Mexican American War, Anti-Mexican American violence, Texas, the Great Depression, the Bracero program, and documented versus undocumented status. Each of these areas will be explaining the mistreatment that Mexicans encountered because of the nature of policy enactments by†¦show more content†¦The lack of social policy in protecting Mexicans was the result of such violence towards Mexican human beings. Texas (1900-1930) During this time and under the economy institution in Texas, many Mexicans were used for agriculture. The truth is that the U.S. was dependent on migrant labor for agriculture, because without these laborers the U.S. agriculture would falter (Stoddard, 2007). This basically explained that the U.S. was dependent on these Mexican laborers. Without these certain workers, agriculture in the U.S. would have not been as effective because the Whites would have not done the tedious work. During work hours, many Mexicans encountered hardships mainly because of discrimination. For instance, Americans would say derogatory things to them, such as â€Å"work harder wet-backs and do what you do best.† Mexicans were name-called and put down constantly which affected them. During this time, most Mexicans did not have a say in anything mainly because the U.S. lacked a social policy to protect them. In addition, most immigrants feared getting fired or worse deportation. Non-i mmigrant Mexicans were the main â€Å"out-group† that found it difficult to obtain assistance because of this Mexican ideology; that Mexicans are â€Å"inferior† beings. Many Americans began categorizing all Mexican decent individuals as immigrants. For instance, Mexican Americans began receiving the same unfair and unjust treatment

Global Warming a Fix for the Future - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1824 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/03/14 Category Ecology Essay Level High school Tags: Global Warming Essay Did you like this example? Everyone has heard the infamous words â€Å"global warming†, but not many understand the disaster that’s happening. Terms are thrown out such as carbon emissions and greenhouse gases the list goes on, and those not scientifically savvy tend to brush off what may become the downfall of humanity. According to Nasa’s official website, â€Å"The planets average surface temperature has risen about 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit (0.9 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased carbon dioxide and other human-made emissions into the atmosphere.4 Most of the warming occurred in the past 35 years, with the five warmest years on record taking place since 2010† (â€Å"Climate change evidence: How do we know?,† 2018, para. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Global Warming a Fix for the Future" essay for you Create order 6). This phenomenon has started to show itself as recently as this past year, making record breaking highs in temperature. The effects of global warming include warming of the ocean’s water, which can lead to catastrophic weather. Also, melting of ice caps will cause the sea level to rise, this will eliminate our coastline as we know it. Sea level is already rising at an alarming rate. â€Å"Globally the sea level has risen about 20 centimeters since the beginning of the 20th century and more than 5 centimeters in the last twenty years† (Steadman, Hugh, 2017, p. 21). Since the industrial revolution, around the mid 1800’s, carbon emission has been on the rise. The average carbon emission before the 19th century was around 280 ppm (parts per million). However, now Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are reaching 400 ppm. Since carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has a direct effect with warming of the globe this is bad news. Many scientists are warning politicians about cutting back on CO2 emission, but many are refusing to look at the science and refusing to make the changes needed. The idealistic fix is to cut carbon-based fuel systems totally and integrate a source of cleaner energy. The energy source most abundant is solar energy, replacing carbon-based fuel with solar energy is the future. Solar energy is limitless, clean, and easily available. With further technological advancements there’s no reason solar energy can’t be used to power every residential house, commercial building, or every vehicle on the road. Transferring to solar energy in those three areas could be the life or death difference for generations to come. Realistically, solar energy could replace nearly all sources of energy, including land vehicles and building power. There’s no excuse not to convert to total solar power, other than the humanistic thought of muscle cars ruling and electric cars stinking. The only time solar energy wouldn’t be a feasible option is in a case where a large amount of energy is needed at one time, such as a rocket launch. Fossil fuel use could still be a relevant source of energy, it just needs to be limited for certain situations. There are countless advantages to converting to solar energy. This isn’t a matter of making money, this is a matter of saving the environment as we know it. It has been shown carbon emissions are nearing 400ppm. According to Hugh Steadman’s research carbon levels between 4-450ppm will cause catastrophic climate destabilization, 425-600ppm will cause irreversible climate destabilization, and levels above 600ppm will cause human extinction (Steadman, H., 2017, p 21). Carbon emissions need to drop by nearly half to get this under control. These advantages include having an endless supply of energy, pollution being bare minimum, and reducing the use of fossil fuels. Since solar energy is a renewable energy source from the sun energy is limitless. Solar energy can even be picked up on cloudy days, in lower amount. If energy isn’t being gathered due to weather battery storage can be used instead to generate the power needed. Solar energy will be the most economically friendly solution to this carbon emission problem. Initial costs to set up solar panels will be quite expensive, but the ROI (return on investment) of solar panels will be massive. A study done in Poland, by Mixtaj, L., NaÃ… ¡?à ¡kovà ¡, J., Weiss, E., Weiss, R., Zawada, M. (2012, p. 363), showed an annual saving of 284 euros for electrical (solar) energy and a return period of twelve years. While other energy sources such as natural gas, the return period would be nearly double the time, twenty-two years, to get the money back from initial costs. Doing this will drastically decrease electricity bills per month making the investment instantly worthwhile. Greenhouse gases are the main culprit in global warming, solar energy drastically reduces the amount of greenhouse gas emittance. Solar energy has been known to produce small amounts of greenhouse gas, but nothing compared to traditional energy sources. This is the main reason solar is the best replacement for energy. The whole objective is to cut down on air pollution and nothing compares to solar when it comes to cleanliness. Another advantage of solar is the reduced need for fossil fuel use, with an abundance of solar energy there will be no need to waste precious fossil fuels on tasks easily achieved by renewable energy. Fossil fuels should be used only when necessary and at this rate they will be totally gone, soon. Fossil fuels have been in use for a few hundred years and are a great source of energy. However, the use of fossil fuels releases carbon into the atmosphere at a rate many times more than alternative sources. Research showed in 2014, fossil fuels were responsible for 81% of the planet’s energy source (Hartley, Peter R., 2018, p. 233). Ultimately, fossil fuels will become much more expensive as scarcity becomes more relevant, then pushing an alternative source of energy to the forefront. Benefits will be extravagant once these (solar) energy systems are put into place. Once governments agree to incorporate these systems electricity will be dirt cheap. The nation will be powered totally on sunlight with storage reserves always ready to kick on. Maintenance for these systems will also be minimal, the benefits are endless. This problem cannot be left alone any longer, the science is showing trends that are irrefutable. â€Å"Mankind has pumped some 150 billion tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Almost half that amount has been emitted since 2000† (Steadman, Hugh, 2017, p. 19). The disadvantages of solar energy must be sacrificed to ensure a safe future for the planet. Some of these disadvantages include job loss, high initial cost, large area consumption, and animal habitat destruction. Loss of jobs is a difficult subject to tackle, one cannot be persuaded their job needs to be eliminated. For example, coal miners have already had a reduction in job opportunities and will only decrease in solar energy becomes a real possibility to power the planet. However, with a decrease in coal careers comes an opportunity in the solar energy field. It’s a tradeoff, many times in history these shifts have come abou t. High initial cost to install and integrate solar panels and batteries large enough to store the abundance of energy being brought in is another disadvantage and probably the main issue keeping progression low. After funding, finding an area to put these solar structures becomes an obstacle, a fear is the destruction of animal habitats. Some research on this topic showed that other than land clearing the environmental change had little effect on the wildlife within the area of research (Rudman, J., Gauche, P., Esler, K. J., 2017, p. 11). Assuming these studies hold true over time, solar energy looks very promising. The area needed for a mass solar energy plant is extremely large and presents its own problems in large cities. A fix for that problem would be to tie the energy into a grid and pump the energy in from a more rural area, easier said than done. The conversion to solar energy has its own set of advantages and disadvantages, but no disadvantage is greater than the future o f the planet if carbon emissions continue to rise at this pace. The environmental catastrophes will continue to get worse. Hurricanes will become larger and more powerful than ever before. Ice caps will continue to melt causing flooding in coastal areas. Crops will begin to die due to increased heat. The negatives of global warming are real and are in effect now, at a smaller degree. The negatives of solar energy being job loss, high initial costs, large area consumption, and animal habitat destruction. All these negatives can be mitigated to a certain degree. Job loss will level out and be replaced with more current jobs. The high initial costs will only hurt for a moment, they will pay for themselves in the long run. Animal habitats have been shown to do well with solar plants nearby. The positives are endless including limitless energy, low pollution output, and fossil fuel reduction. The data shows solar energy is the future. It’s a matter of time until fossil fuels becom e scarce and prices of all will skyrocket, causing an economical crash. Hugh Steadman predicts a nuclear war over resources (fossil fuels) as they become scarce (Steadman, H., 2017, p. 22). If solar energy plants are put in place today this fear can be put to bed. Results will show a decrease in global warming and all negative factors that come along. The world will have to work together and face this issue head on. One country cannot accomplish this goal alone. They all must work in unison. Cutting fossil fuel usage and putting forward a plan for the future. The most sensible plan is solar energy. The positives far outweigh the negatives. This is a plan that may hurt now, considering job loss, but will be far worth it in the future. It’s the only thing that can happen, because what’s going on in the environment cannot last much longer. It’s comparative to a lifelong smoker, they need to quit but the satisfaction for the moment blinds them from seeing the future. That future is not one, exactly like ours if these changes are not made. References Callery, S. (Ed.). (2018, September 21). Climate change evidence: How do we know? Retrieved from https://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/ Hartley, P. R. (2018). The cost of displacing fossil fuels: Some evidence from Texas. Energy Journal, 39(2), 233–258. https://doi-org.db21.linccweb.org/10.5547/01956574.39.2.phar Mixtaj, L., NaÃ… ¡?à ¡kovà ¡, J., Weiss, E., Weiss, R., Zawada, M. (2012). Evaluation of Return on Investment for Proposed Use of Solar Systems in Poland. Metalurgija, 51(3), 361–364. Retrieved from https://db21.linccweb.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=trued b=a9hAN=77926197site=eds-live Rudman, J., Gauche, P., Esler, K. J. (2017). Direct environmental impacts of solar power in two arid biomes: An initial investigation. South African Journal of Science, (11–12), 93. https://doi-org.db21.linccweb.org/10.17159/sajs.2017/20170113 Steadman, H. (2017). Climate change or climate catastrophe? New Zealand International Review, 42(4), 19–23. Retrieved from https://db21.linccweb.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true b=a9hAN=124229931site=eds-live

Karl Marx, Alienation of Labor - 784 Words

Karl Marx believed that there are four aspects of a mans alienation that occur in a capitalist society. The product of labor, the labor process, our fellow human beings, and human nature are the four specific aspects of alienation that occur in a capitalist society. Marx said that in the product of labor the worker is alienated from the object he produces because it is bought, owned and disposed of by someone else, the capitalist. In all societies people use their creative abilities to produce items which they use to exchange or sell. Marx believes that under capitalism this becomes an alienated activity because the worker cant use the things that he produces to engage in further productive activity. Marx argued that the†¦show more content†¦Marx believes that under capitalism the human beings ability to plan production to match the developing and ever changing needs of society is reversed into a drive for profits. Karl Marx believed The history of past societies is the history of past struggles. Marx cites examples throughout history of how the lower class always rises up and createsShow MoreRelatedKarl Marx And Durkheim s Theory Of Labor Alienation1419 Words   |  6 Pagesdivision of labor. Both Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim, under this context of burgeoning market economy, sought to understand modern society and the underlying relations that lead to their formation and progress. In this essay, I will argue that while both Marx and Durkheim acknowledge the role of economic growth as a main driver of human society in their theories, they differ on the type of social relations that developed in tandem, relations that formed the basis of the division of labor. Marx (1978,Read MoreThe Economic And Philosophic Manuscripts Of 18441592 Words   |  7 Pages1844 was not published in Karl Marx’s lifetime. It is a series of fragmentary notes. Part of these notes is a piece called â€Å"Estranged Labor†. 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Legal and Professional Issues in Nursing - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theLegal and Professional Issues in Nursing forChild Abuse. Answer: Introduction It is our responsibility as healthcare professionals to protect our patients from dangers that they could be facing from other people within the community. Very many individuals from children to the elderly experience harmful situations in the society and the healthcare professionals are tasked with the duty of addressing such abuses. There are several legal and professional issues that are addressed when these cases of abuse are brought to the table of healthcare professionals. Accountability has become more important in nursing than ever before for the sake of the public, their employers, the patients, and their profession. It is therefore crucial that the healthcare practitioners develop a more insightful understanding of the legal and professional dilemmas that they may come across in their course of work (Schmeidel et al. 2012, p. 33). In this essay, we will talk about child abuse, domestic violence, and abuse of the elderly. Additionally, we will discuss the professional and legal issues that are addressed by the healthcare practitioners when people report to them that they have been harmed. Furthermore, we will address the relevant documentation, codes, and legislation that govern the procedures of reporting these cases of mistreatment. Finally, the essay talks about the implications for the nurses and the delivery of care for the patient. Child Abuse Child abuse can be defined as actions and behaviors by an adult towards a child that are aimed at endangering or harming the child. Legally, a child is anyone below 18 years of age. Child abuse affects children from all walks of life irrespective of race, social class, or economic background (Cross et al. 2012, p. 211). How one responds to cases of child abuse affects the overall experience of the child and their eventual healing. Everyone in the society has the responsibility of reporting cases of child abuse in the first instance when they notice anything of the sought. As a healthcare professional, it is important to respect the privacy of an abused child if such a case is brought to your attention. Respecting the privacy of an abused child means that you will have to ask for their permission before attempting to look at any bruises particularly if the child in question is attempting to hide the bruises (Finkelhor 2010, p. 101). Additionally, it is the presence of another responsible adult is important when you are trying to look at the injuries. Professionally, it is essential that one reserves their comments after assessing the bruises because it could be possible that the childs body bears some marks that might not have resulted from the abuse (Miller-Perrin and Perrin 2012, p. 214). Any reasonable suspicion must be forwarded to the appropriate authorities for further investigations. Healthcare professionals are also required to ask the child questions with the aim of getting simple explanations regarding any marks that may seem suspicious. The role should not be investigating the child; instead, the healthcare practitioner should be aiming at getting the necessary information and report your findings to the necessary authorities (Furniss 2013, p.172). Practice professionalism as much as possible by avoiding leading questions and instead, asking open-minded questions. It is inappropriate to pressure the child by prompting for answers, instead let the child answer the questions on their own convolution. After finding all the relevant information regarding the abuse, it is important to document your observations concerning the abuse and neglect. Note down the conversation you had with the child in your own words (Lazenbatt, 2010). Additionally, document any information that the child or a member of their family said to you. It is important to note that anything you note down as having been said by the child is admissible as a piece of evidence in investigations regarding the abuse. It is then legally advisable to report the case of abuse to the relevant law enforcement agency. Chapter 261 of the Texas family code demands that anyone who believes beyond any doubt that a child has been mentally or physically has to report the matter to the Texas Department of Protective and Regulatory Services. In fact, failing to report an abuse is classified as class B misdemeanor that can be given a sentence of around 180 days behind bars and/or a fine in the region of $2000. The law requires that professionals such as health practitioners who handle cases of child abuse must report abuse within 48 hours. It is essential to provide the name of the child and their address if possible when making a report (Cross et al. 2012, p. 213). Your identity is protected if you report any case regarding child abuse and may only be revealed by a court order. As highlighted in chapter 261 of the Texas Family Code, the Child Protective Service carries out the civil investigation to determine whether the child has been truly abused. The major implication of this study is that the healthcare worker should be educated to have a better understanding of how to handle victims of child abuse. The curriculum of nursing should be modified to incorporate communication and policy skills. This will effectively improve the delivery of patient care to all affected persons. Domestic Violence This is an act of a threatening behavior or abuse that occurs between adults who are family members or intimate partners irrespective of sexuality or gender. It includes sexual, physical, psychological, financial, and emotional abuse among others (Goodman and Smyth 2011, p.79). Reports suggest that domestic violence is the largest contributor of injuries to women in the United States of America (Garca-Moreno et al. 2015, p. 1570). It is, however, worth noting that domestic violence is not only limited to women; men equally experience domestic violence in addition to any other family member. The healthcare practitioners have an ideal opportunity to address this menace of domestic violence that has become prevalent in recent years. The healthcare worker needs to address this issue of domestic violence with care to ensure that the victim is comfortable to disclose what they have gone through. The primary role of the practitioner when they come into contact with a victim of domestic violence is to identify the presence of the abuse and manage patient care effectively (Husso et al. 2012, p. 349). The first thing that a healthcare worker must do is to screen the patient for abuse. Nurses and doctors are encouraged to perform routine screening on patients to determine the presence of domestic violence. It is also important to evaluate the medical context of the abuse. This evaluation includes assessing the frequency and severity of the abuse and whether the medication is being withheld from the patient among other assessments. After these evaluations, the practitioner is required to provide the victim with medical care regarding the presented injuries (Husso et al. 2012, p. 350). Additionally, it is essential to evaluate the victims safety by asking them open-minded questions rather than leading questions. The victim must never be coerced into answering questions that they do not feel comfortable asking. This is to ensure comfort and trust between the patient and the healthcare worker. The next step is to provide a counseling session to the victim concerning any available management options and resources. The victim is advised on how he/she can handle future abuse and any resources that can be used to manage domestic violence. Additionally, it is important to document all the findings from your conversation and assessment of the victim (Roberson and Wallace 2016, p. 105). As a healthcare professional, it is advisable that you refer the victim to the most appropriate legal agency that will help the victim. It is important to exercise privacy during the screening process. It may even be necessary to exclude all friends and members of the family from the screening process as they may bias the response of the victim. Additionally, it is essential for the healthcare professional to make the most appropriate referrals regarding the needs of the victim (Roberson and Wallace 2016, p. 110). The victims needs may include legal services, advocacy services, and medical services among others. Healthcare practitioners required by law to report cases of domestic violence to the appropriate law enforcement agencies. This law helps to improve the data collection on abuse related to domestic violence and thus enhance patient care (Modi, Palmer and Armstrong 2014, p. 254). As a result, the perpetrators of domestic violence can be held to account due to their actions. The implication of this research, however, is that the healthcare workers need to be trained adequately to give them the necessary skills required to help the patients with the support needed to manage domestic violence. There is also an argument that the mandatory reporting law violates the patients right to privacy. Other doctors have even argued that the healthcare practitioner has no right to proceed with an investigation in situations where the patient conceals details of domestic violence. Abuse of the Elderly Abuse of the elderly is mostly defined as an act of omission or commission (Imbody, B. and Vandsburger 2011, p. 636). The abuse may be physical, emotional, psychological and financial among others. It is important for the healthcare professional to focus on individuals who are at a greater risk of experiencing abuse (Donovan, K. and Regehr 2010, p. 177). Some of the groups of elders who are at greater risks of abuse include the most dependent elders, those who are mentally incompetent, elders whose family members engage in substance abuse and elders who have mentally ill family members among others. Healthcare workers can make use of screening tools, for example, the Elder Adult Screening Test. The tool is made up of short questions that are designed to be used for the use of mentally competent elders. These questions help to assess if the said individual could be experiencing abuse of any kind. The design of this tool however only makes it effective in addressing cases of abuse among the mentally competent elders and they do not guarantee effectiveness if the elder in question is mentally challenged (Schmeidel et al. 2012, p. 27). It is, however, important to note that even the mentally incompetent individuals possess some degree of competency in observing and reporting what they experience. As a result, it is necessary to treat any report they may make about abuse with the seriousness it deserves. Another thing that healthcare professionals can do to address issues of elder abuse is by observing and substantiating the symptoms of abuse among elders that are suspected to be experiencing elder abuse. Observation of the physical characteristics of the victim in question can help to assess physical abuse (Anetzberger 2012, p. 109). Additionally, evaluating the financial situation of the patient can help to assess the possibility of financial abuse. After the above assessments, the healthcare practitioner can help the victim to access the necessary legal interventions. There are not many specific laws against adult abuse but the present civil and criminal legislation can be used to address this issue (Bennett and Kingston 2013, p. 111). The healthcare professional should be able to offer the victim legal options that have referrals to appropriate legal services. The two types of legal interventions include civil and criminal interventions. In most cases, the civil intervention can lead to criminal intervention as is the situation with protection orders. The protection order gives the victim a civil court order that is intended to set conditions around the accused. In any case, the abuser breaches this order; it becomes a criminal issue that is then addressed using a criminal court order (Schneider et al. 2010, p. 260). The victim can either apply for the related abuser or unrelated abuser which are the two types of protection orders. These two orders fall under the Domestic and Family Violence Protection Act of 1989. Conclusion It is the duty of the healthcare professional to protect the patients from risks of harmful behavior from others and the community. There are different groups of individuals in the community who experience different forms of abuse that range from child abuse, domestic violence, and elder abuse. There are several procedures that the healthcare workers follow when addressing these issues of abuse. These procedures are aimed at providing quality care to the patients and ensuring patient safety from the abusers. Additionally, several legislations are in place to help the victims of abuse. Several codes and documentations protect the victims and the witnesses who choose to report cases of abuse to the relevant authorities on behalf of the abused. The result of all these interventions is that the patients receive quality care from the healthcare professionals. References Anetzberger, G.J., 2012.The clinical management of elder abuse. Routledge. Bennett, G. and Kingston, P.W., 2013.Elder abuse: Concepts, theories and interventions. Springer. Cross, T.P., Mathews, B., Tonmyr, L., Scott, D. and Ouimet, C., 2012. Child welfare policy and practice on children's exposure to domestic violence.Child abuse neglect,36(3), pp.210-216. Donovan, K. and Regehr, C., 2010. Elder abuse: Clinical, ethical, and legal considerations in social work practice.Clinical Social Work Journal,38(2), pp.174-182. Finkelhor, D., 2010.Sexually victimized children. Simon and Schuster. Furniss, T., 2013.The multiprofessional handbook of child sexual abuse: Integrated management, therapy, and legal intervention. routledge. Garca-Moreno, C., Hegarty, K., d'Oliveira, A.F.L., Koziol-McLain, J., Colombini, M. and Feder, G., 2015. The health-systems response to violence against women.The Lancet,385(9977), pp.1567-1579. Goodman, L.A. and Smyth, K.F., 2011. A call for a social network-oriented approach to services for survivors of intimate partner violence.Psychology of Violence,1(2), p.79. Husso, M., Virkki, T., Notko, M., Holma, J., Laitila, A. and Mntysaari, M., 2012. Making sense of domestic violence intervention in professional health care.Health social care in the community,20(4), pp.347-355. Imbody, B. and Vandsburger, E., 2011. Elder abuse and neglect: Assessment tools, interventions, and recommendations for effective service provision.Educational Gerontology,37(7), pp.634-650. Lazenbatt, A., 2010. The impact of abuse and neglect on the health and mental health of children and young people.NSPCC Research briefing, 2010; accessed on 02/10/15 via: www. nspcc. org. uk/Inform/research/briefings/impact_of_abuse_on_health_wda73372. html. Miller-Perrin, C.L. and Perrin, R.D., 2012.Child Maltreatment: An Introduction: An Introduction. Sage. Modi, M.N., Palmer, S. and Armstrong, A., 2014. The role of Violence Against Women Act in addressing intimate partner violence: a public health issue.Journal of Women's Health,23(3), pp.253-259. Roberson, C. and Wallace, P.H., 2016.Family violence: Legal, medical, and social perspectives. Routledge. Schmeidel, A.N., Daly, J.M., Rosenbaum, M.E., Schmuch, G.A. and Jogerst, G.J., 2012. Health care professionals' perspectives on barriers to elder abuse detection and reporting in primary care settings.Journal of elder abuse neglect,24(1), pp.17-36. Schneider, D.C., Mosqueda, L., Falk, E. and Huba, G.J., 2010. Elder abuse forensic centers.Journal of Elder Abuse Neglect,22(3-4), pp.255-274.